Energy and fluid factors in heating and boiling of beer wort
Nowadays, modern breweries commonly use one of three different processes for wort boiling. As well as atmospheric, air-free boiling and air-free boiling using mechanical or thermal vapour compression at evaporation temperatures of 99 to 100°C, many breweries use low-pressure boiling (LPB) at temperatures from 102 to 105°C (ps = 1.09 - 1.21 bar). In the very recent past, dynamic low-pressure boiling has additionally proven itself in many breweries to have technological advantages.